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Tag: hybrid

  • 20% of California EV Owners Revert to Gas Vehicles

    20% of California EV Owners Revert to Gas Vehicles

    Electric vehicle (EV) adoption has a problem keeping people long-term, as 20% of California EV owners switch back as a result of inconvenience.

    EV adoption is one of the main thrusts many governments and companies are promoting as a way to slow greenhouse gases and fight climate change. Many automakers have already committed to transitioning their entires lineups to hybrid or fully electric vehicles within the next decade.

    Unfortunately, a large portion of EV owners ultimately end up going back to gasoline vehicles because of the inconvenience surrounding charging. A study by Nature Energy, regarding plug-in electric vehicles (PEV), found that “PEV discontinuance in California occurs at a rate of 20% for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle owners and 18% for battery electric vehicle owners.”

    Much of the issues stemmed from issues “related to dissatisfaction with the convenience of charging, having other vehicles in the household that are less efficient, not having level 2 (240-volt) charging at home, having fewer household vehicles and not being male.”

    The low-voltage of outlets, in particular, are a major issue, with some users reporting a mere few miles range on an hour’s charge.

    Nature Energy’s study illustrates the importance of continued development in battery technology that provides faster charging and higher capacities.

  • Honda the First to Release Level 3 Autonomous Vehicle

    Honda the First to Release Level 3 Autonomous Vehicle

    Honda has announced a major first for the auto industry, being the first to release a Level 3 autonomous vehicle, as part of the Honda Legend Hybrid EX.

    Autonomous vehicles are rated from 0 to 5, with each level representing a higher degree of AI involvement. A 0 rating means there is no assistance, and the driver is 100% responsible. At the other end of the scale, a 5 means the vehicle is fully driverless. A Level 3 means the vehicle controls steering, acceleration and braking, but the driver should still be ready to take over if needed. This is a big step up from the Level 2 Tesla Autopilot.

    The Legend Hybrid EX is equipped with Honda SENSING® Elite, the automated driving system that Honda extensively tested. In simulations, the system was tested using 10 million possible real-world scenarios. Physical, real-world testing involved 800,000 miles of tests. The end result is a vehicle that surpasses anything currently on the road.

    For vehicle control, the system determines the position of the vehicle and road conditions using data from 3-dimensional high-definition maps and the global navigation satellite system (GNSS), while detecting the vehicle’s surroundings using several external sensors that provide 360-degree input. At the same time, the system tracks the condition of the driver using a monitoring camera mounted inside the vehicle. Based on this wide range of information, the main electronic control unit (ECU) recognizes current conditions, anticipates future conditions and applies a high-level of control to acceleration, braking and steering inputs to assist the driver and achieve high-quality and smooth driving.

    Even with all the testing, Honda is taking a decidedly cautious approach, only making 100 of the autonomous Legends. The vehicles will only be available for lease in Japan, beginning March 5. Nonetheless, if the Legend with Honda SENSING® Elite is a success, customers around the world may soon have access to next-generation autonomous driving.

  • Zillow CEO: Hybrid Work Model Could Lead to Two-Class System

    Zillow CEO: Hybrid Work Model Could Lead to Two-Class System

    Zillow CEO Rich Barton has warned that a hybrid work model could lead to a two-class system of employees.

    The pandemic has forced companies to reimagine the workforce, adapting to unprecedented conditions. As a result, more employees are working from home than ever before. Companies, especially in the tech industry, are increasingly adopting various forms of remote, flex, or hybrid work options permanently.

    Barton, however, sees a risk of a dual-class system developing. This is especially a concern with hybrid work, where some employees are in the office and some remote, or where some workers only come in a day or two a week..

    “We must ensure a level playing field for all team members, regardless of their physical location,” Barton said in an earnings call. “There cannot be a two-class system — those in the room being first-class and those on the phone being second-class.”

    Other tech executives have similarly warned of the dangers of a hybrid workforce, with some companies going all-in on full remote as the solution.

    Zillow CEO Rich Barton comments during Q4 Earnings Call:

    Of course, there are challenges to not being in the office together, but that is temporal. In a post-COVID world, our workplace design goal is to maximize flexibility for our high demand talent. We will have awesome offices for those who want or need to come in. At the same time, we must ensure a level playing field for all team members, regardless of their physical location. There cannot be a two-class system, those in the room being first-class and those on the phone being second class. We are entering the most interesting and innovative period for workplace design in our lifetimes, and our people and facilities teams at Zillow are out in front.

  • Hybrid Drone Stays Aloft Over 10 Hours, Breaking Record

    Hybrid Drone Stays Aloft Over 10 Hours, Breaking Record

    Quaternium Technologies has broken its own record for the longest drone flight, with its hybrid drone staying in the air for 10 hours, 14 minutes.

    Drones are an increasingly important component for many industries. Real estate agents use them to take pictures of properties, photographers use them to capture that perfect shot, and Amazon and other companies are preparing to use them for deliveries. Some people are even using drones to fish for tuna.

    Quaternium’s latest development will open up all-new possibilities, as their latest test flight achieved 10 hours, 14 minutes by using hybrid technology.

    Marketed as a “long-endurance drone,” the commercial version of the Hybrix 2.1 currently provides 4 hours of operational time. Even with a full payload, it can stay aloft for over 2 hours. The company markets the drone as the perfect option for surveillance, first response, inspection, mining, agriculture and mapping.

    It’s a safe bet Quaternium will use the lessons it learned from its record-breaking flight to improve the flight time of its commercial variants even more.

  • Microsoft Expected To Make Major Cloud Gains At The Expense Of—Everyone

    Microsoft Expected To Make Major Cloud Gains At The Expense Of—Everyone

    On the heals of a survey showing Microsoft making significant inroads in the cloud industry, Morgan Stanley has even worse news for the company’s competitors, according to Business Insider.

    In the previous survey by Goldman Sachs—despite AWS taking in the lion’s share of cloud revenue—97% of companies said they currently use Azure, compared with 58% for AWS and 25% for Google Cloud. Even more concerning, the survey showed that far more companies were planning to use Microsoft’s platform within the next three years compared to its competitors.

    Morgan Stanley’s research provides more validation for Microsoft’s current strategy, predicting the company will “gain the largest percentage of IT budgets over the next three years, while VMware, Cisco, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Oracle, and Dell stand to lose the most.”

    Further complicating things is an expected slowdown in IT budgets in 2020. The slowdown will negatively impact the above companies as more and more businesses move to the cloud. This move signals more good news for Microsoft, however, as it is expected to see gains “driven by an increasing proportion of customers citing Microsoft as their preferred hybrid cloud vendor,” according to the survey.

    After years of telling customers onsite hardware was antiquated and unnecessary, even Amazon recently joined the hybrid market. As Business Insider points out, with Microsoft’s lead in this particular segment, Amazon may regret ignoring the hybrid cloud market for so long.

  • Toyota Prius c Gets 50 MPG, Multiple Configurations

    The Toyota Prius is one of the best hybrid vehicles on the market today. Going into 2015, Toyota hopes that those who haven’t jumped on the hybrid bandwagon will finally do so with its latest model.

    Toyota unveiled the Prius c and its many configurations this week. Those looking to buy the hybrid will have their choice of the Prius c One, c Two, c Three and c Four. As you can imagine, each tier adds a number of features that ups the price. Regardless of tier, Toyota boasts that you’ll get an average of 50 MPG with the new 2015 Prius c.

    So, what does each tier get you? The Prius c One costs $19,540 and comes with Entune audio, USB port, 3.5-inch information display and a 6.1-inch touchscreen display that controls radio and entertainment.

    The Prius c Two ups the price to $20,340 and adds fold-down rear seats, cruise control and an engine immobilizer. For $21,765, the c Three adds smart key system on front doors, a touch tracer display and navigation apps for the touch display. To be more specific, these apps allow you to track traffic and weather.

    Finally, the c Four goes for $24,475 and adds LED fog lights, a moonroof, a backup camera, heated front seats and color-keyed heated power outside mirrors with turn signal indicators.

    For more info, be sure to check out this video from TestDrivenTV:

    [h/t: TheAutoChannel]

  • Nissan Leaf Sales Slow, Yet Set January Record

    In 2010, Nissan became one of the first companies in the world to unveil a completely electric, emission-free automobile, the Nissan Leaf. When first released, however, the electric car craze had yet to hit the United States. Thanks to recent innovations and attention from the Tesla Model S and the Chevy Volt, however, the popularity of all-electric vehicles has begun to soar. While the Nissan Leaf may not have the name recognition of its competitors, its features and affordability make it one of the best all-electric models on the market.

    Last month, Nissan sold its 100,000th Leaf, making the Leaf the number one selling electric vehicle in the world. (A number which Nissan celebrated by gluing 100,000 coins onto the car.) Despite selling more cars than any other electric car manufacturer, Nissan saw sales of the Leaf drop considerably from December to January. In December 2013, Nissan sold 2, 529 models. In January 2014, Nissan only sold 1,252. While this number is less than half of what it was one month earlier, the sales show a 92.6% increase from sales in January 2013, when Nissan sold 650 units total.

    The 1,252 units sold this January is a new record for January sales for the Nissan Leaf.

    One may wonder why the Leaf is performing so well when it often plays third fiddle in the media behind the Chevy Volt and Tesla Model S. For starters, one has to look at the price. The base model Leaf sells for $21,300 here in the US. That fact, coupled with government incentives for buying an electric vehicle and lowered prices due to moving manufacturing from Japan to Smyrna, Tennessee, make the Leaf a much more affordable option than the Chevy Volt or Tesla Model S. Aside from that, however, is the fact that the Nissan Leaf is superbly built.

    The 99,999th buyer of a Nissan Leaf, Amy Eichenberger of Charlottesville, Va., explains why she made the switch from a Mercedes to a Nissan Leaf:

    “As an architect, the style first got my attention, and I loved the concept of zero emissions… I’d been told once I drove a Mercedes I’d never drive anything else again. I don’t need fancy, but I do appreciate the solid feel and craftsmanship of a luxury vehicle, and I get that in the LEAF… The general fuel economy out there is unimpressive and many of them felt tin-canny. I didn’t even want to look at anything in the 20 MPG range. I considered the VW Jetta TDI, Toyota Prius, Honda CRV and a couple of Subaru wagons, and I always came back to the Nissan LEAF. Everything else seemed stuck in the past.”

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylePiNsCCFY&list=UUW47Uio6Y_pC_0No0Reak-g&feature=c4-overview

    Fortunately for Nissan, the United States is not the only location where the Nissan Leaf is succeeding. In Norway, the Leaf has led all vehicle sales several times in the past year. In fact, Norwegians buy so many EVs that it ranks number 1 in the world in per capita EV ownership, with 21,000 Norwegians, out of 5 million total, owning an electric vehicle.

    If an all-electric vehicle is not appealing enough, just wait. Last year in Japan, Nissan tests a prototype version of the Leaf with fully-automated controls. The test turned out to be quite a success; therefore, one may see self-driven Leafs on the road sooner than later.

    Image via Twitter

  • Toyota Prius Chosen As Best Overall Value

    Toyota Prius Chosen As Best Overall Value

    Consumer Reports magazine has just selected Toyota Prius as the best overall value. The hybrid car has the best economic value for mileage with the average cost registering at 47 cents per mile. Considering the price is $29,230, this vehicle option is hard to beat. According to Consumer Reports Automotive Editor Rik Paul, “Prius’ 44 (m.p.g.) overall is the best fuel economy of any non-plug-in car that Consumer Reports has tested. Though it’s not particularly cheap to buy, the Prius’ depreciation is so low that it costs less to own over the first five years than its initial (price). We call that a bargain.”

    According to the Toyota website, the Prius offers multiple unique safety features including: Dynamic Radar Cruise Control, Pre-Collision System, Lane Keep Assist, and a Vehicle Proximity Notification System.

    In the unfortunate event of a collision, the vehicle is equipped with additional capabilities to protect passengers. According to the Toyota website: “Working in concert with the Dynamic Radar Cruise Control (DRCC) 26, the available Pre-Collision System (PCS) 25 employs the vehicle’s radar system to determine if a frontal collision is imminent. If so, the system automatically applies the brakes and retracts the front seatbelts to prepare for such a scenario.”

    The “Lane Keep Assist” function serves an important use. “If an inadvertent lane departure is detected, the available Lane Keep Assist (LKA) issues an audible warning and displays a warning on the instrument panel. And when Dynamic Radar Cruise Control (DRCC) 26 is engaged, LKA 27 is designed to help keep Prius in its lane by providing gentle corrective steering when necessary.”

    In addition to protecting those within the car, the “Vehicle Proximity Notification System” alerts individuals outside (such as pedestrians and bicyclists) through a mechanical sound regarding the approaching motor vehicle.

    Image Via NDN

  • Toyota Prius Ranked “Best New Car Value” Again

    Thinking about buying a new car this holiday season? According to Consumer Reports, the Toyota Prius will give you the best value for your buck. In fact, this is the second year in a row that the eco-friendly hybrid has been ranked as the magazine’s “Best New Car Value.”

    The Prius runs about $29,230. Consumer Reports liked the performance and reliability of the car. However, the incredible operating cost of only 47 cents a mile probably tipped the scales in terms of overall value. They wrote, “The Prius is extremely economical, averaging 44 mpg overall, and 55 mpg on the highways in our tests. With light throttle input it can quietly drive on electric power up to 25 mph. The ride is firm yet steady, and handling is sound and secure, but not particularly agile.”

    Consumer Reports publishes reviews by comparing products. A consumer can find reviews on everything from baby monitors to coffee makers to airline travel to sunscreen. To create its top ranked best value in cars report, the company tested over 200 different automobiles.

    Other well-valued cars on the list included the 2014 Toyota Avalon Hybrid Limited for best value in Large Cars. Also, the 2014 Lexus ES 300h topped for best value in Luxury Cars. On the other end of the spectrum was the Nissan Armada, which ranked as the worst value, the SUV only gets about 13 miles per gallon.

    Image via Wikipedia Commons

  • BMW i8 Spyder Release Delayed By Engineering Issues

    In 2011’s newest installment of the Mission: Impossible series, Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol, Tom Cruise cruises along the streets of Mumbai in a super futuristic looking vehicle. Well, folks, the future is not so distant. The car featured in Cruise’s blockbuster film was a prototype of the BMW i8 series of cars. As it currently stands, the BMW i8 coupe is slated to roll off assembly lines and into garages sometime next year. While the production of the i8 coupe has been finished for quite some time, the BMW i8 Spyder – the coupe’s convertible cousin – has been rumored for quite some time, but no specifics had been revealed as to its production or release.

    That was the case, at least, until Bimmerpost updated their forum Tuesday and stated that BMW had approved the BMW i8 Spyder to begin production and hopefully roll off the assembly line in late 2015. This news surely thrilled many of those who are in the market for a hybrid, convertible, sports car.

    Unfortunately for those who felt Christmas had come 2 years early, however, the tables turned yesterday. According to Autocar.co.uk, the release of the BMW i8 Spyder is delayed for an unknown amount of time. The delay comes as a result of the engineering department being unable to solve for structural issues that occur when turning the coupe into a convertible: “The last architecture presented some fairly major challenges, to be able to produce a convertible in that format. The rigidity was hard to find with that particular architecture.”

    That being said, car aficionados everywhere should not despair. While the BMW i8 Spyder will be delayed, it still promises to be one of the neatest additions to the automobile world in quite some time. While the car may not feature a nifty HUD display as seen on the windshield of Cruise’s model in Mission: Impossible (nor will it include a lovely looking lady in the passenger seat), the BMW i8 Spyder will offer plenty of incentives that make the large price-tag less daunting, such as sleek, aerodynamic lines, an energy support system for the hybrid engine, ECO, PRO, and SPORT modes of driving, a smart-phone linked, 3D media and navigation console, and a super neat new keyfob.

    (image)

    The structural integrity issues of the BMW i8 Spyder stem from the fact that BMW chose to construct the car out of super light-weight carbon fiber and aluminum. These materials work well for the coupe version, but the pressure put on the convertible from wind resistance has wreaked havoc with achieving the rigidity needed in the body to drive the vehicle on the open road.

    The BMW i8 Spyder will be essentially identical to the coupe version, except a bit smaller. The i8 Spyder will still feature the 220 horsepower, rear mounted, 1.5 L TwinPower turbo three-cylinder gasoline engine to power the rear wheels, and a 129 horsepower electric engine to power the front wheels. All told, the BMW i8 Spyder will be able to go from 0-60 in 4.9 seconds and will top-out at 156 mph – and it does all of this while achieving 80 mpg.

    If one wished to become the next Ethan Hunt, the first thing one will have to acquire is patience. The i8 Spyder may not hit markets until 2016. The only quality one must possess other than patience is deep pockets, as the BMW i8 Spyder will cost a bit more than the price tag of the BMW i8 coupe, which is estimated at $135, 925.

    Images via BMWBlog (1) (2)

  • Porsche 918 Spyder Breaks Track Record

    Porsche 918 Spyder Breaks Track Record

    There has been much hype surrounding Tesla Motors and their new Model S lately, and rightly so. After winning many accolades, such as the 2013 Motor Trend Car of the Year, Tesla has become the bane of the motor industry. Tesla’s successes with creating a fantastic electric car have seemingly inspired other companies to follow in their footsteps and step up their hybrid game.

    Which brings us to the Porsche 918 Spyder. Porches’s newest car model was unveiled at the Frankfurt Motor Show yesterday and received much applause. The 2-seater car boasts a 4.6 liter V8 engine that puts out 608 hp with its gas engine. However, the engine gets a boost from 3 additional electrical motors, pushing its total horsepower to 887 total. What do all these numbers mean? Well, the Porsche 918 Spyder can go from 0-62 mph in 2.8 seconds, and 0-124 mph in 7.9 seconds. (And if that still doesn’t mean much to you, well, let’s just say this thing is damned fast.)

    Porsche put all of this magnificent horsepower to the test when it took three drivers and the 918 Spyder to the Nurburgring Nordschleife track in Germany. After a morning of driving around perhaps the world’s most trying rack-track (and giggling like 3 year old kids the entire time, I imagine), one of the drivers was able to set a new track record for the fastest time in a street legal vehicle. Porsche factory driver, Mark Lieb, was able to complete the 20.6 km long track in 6 minutes and 57 seconds, with an average speed of 179.5 km/h. (Which, for all us silly Americans who don’t use the metric system, is equivalent to travelling a 12.8 mile track with an average speed of 111.5 mph). All of this accomplished in a car that can get up to 95 mpg, which doesn’t seem either possible or fair.

    One other thing that definitely seems possible, but not fair, is the price tag. The base model of the Porsche 918 Spyder will cost $845,000. Unfortunately, that still means if I want to achieve the speeds that the 918 Spyder can reach, I will be relegated to purchasing a ticket to Cedar Point and riding the Top Thrill Dragster, which can go from 0 to 120 mph in under 4 seconds. (Eat that, Porsche.)

    Image via Wikimedia Commons

  • Elf Bike: Cross Between Car & Bicycle

    Mark Stewart turns quite a few heads as he makes his way down the road on his neon green ELF bike, which very closely resembesFred Flinstone’s footmobile.

    “It reminds me of when I saw a Smart car the first time,” said Joanne Bury as she came out of her home to get a look at the vehicle. “This is incredible. What is it?”

    Stewart, a 65-year-old family therapist and school psychologist took the summer off from work to drive his new ELF bike over 1,200 miles on roads and trails using the East Coast Greenway, which is a bike and pedestrian trail that runs from Canada to Key West. The attention Stewart receives from his ELF bike doesn’t seem to bother him at all. “I don’t mind though. I mean I like that people want to talk about it,” he said. “A lot of cops have gone by me no one’s said boo. They’ll look, they’re interested but they don’t question its right to be on the road,” Stewart said.

    Stewart purchased the, 130-pound, ELF from Durham-based Organic Transit, which sells them for $5,000. Stewart said that he wanted to avoid the delivery charge of almost $1,000, so he made the trip down to pick up the bike and learn how to correctly operate it before traveling back home. “I spent three days in the shop hanging with the guys there and learning the vehicle,” Stewart said. “This is just an unsupported solo trip up here in a vehicle that nobody else really knows.”

    The ELF is can carry up to 350 pounds and it can reach a speeds of 20 miles-per-hour on the electric power alone. With a 750-watt motor, the bike can be charged using an electrical outlet in one hour, or in around seven hours using the solar panels built into its roof. It can go for 1,800 miles using the equivalent of one gallon of gasoline. It does not require the insurance, repair and car maintenance costs that go along with a normal vehicle. Besides occasionally replacing a tire, the ELF runs completely off the cost to charge its battery.

    Rob Cotter, Organic Transit CEO, combined the technology from boats, bicycles, and aircrafts and incorporated them into a “green” option for drivers.

    “About 30 years ago I was working in the performance car industry working on Porsches and BMWs,” Cotter said. “At the time the world record for a streamline bicycle was 55 mph by ground and I realize that those efficiencies are capable with one horsepower. I realized from a social, ethical and environmental standpoint that we’re doing something drastically wrong. A combination of environmental catastrophes, high fuel costs, climate change and a migration of people moving to the cities all combined for a trend of people looking for an automotive alternative. But not everyone can fit a bicycle into their daily life,” Cotter said.

    “Issues like weather, steep hills, lack of carrying capacity, falling over and safety concerns steer many away from bicycles. The ELF was designed to address those concerns, contribute to the rider’s health, cost savings and lessen their environmental impact,” he said.

    The demand for this new ride has grown significantly. “Right now we make them at a rate of one per day hand built in the U.S. but we’re about to open up another facility on the West Coast to increase our efficiency sometime this year to get up to four per day,” Cotter said. The company is currently working on their 75th bike and have more than 200 already sold or reserved with a deposit.

  • Boeing’s SUGAR Volt Concept Pushes Green Envelope

    Boeing’s SUGAR Volt Concept Pushes Green Envelope

    5 years ago at a conference on advanced aircraft technologies someone brought up the question of electric airplanes. All the engineers there laughed at the idea but Boeing took it as a challenge. They started to think about ways they could make an airframe combined with a power plant that would be electric. What they came up with is the “SUGAR Volt.” (SUGAR is an acronym that stands for Subsonic Ultra Green Aircraft Research.)

    The airframe that they came up with features extra wide, foldable wings for 2 purposes. One is to increase lift and reduce drag, this would also make the aircraft produce less noise because the engines would not have to work as hard. The second is because they are foldable, the planes can still be used at current airports without any changes being made to the terminals.

    The Electric Hybrid plane has the ability to engage the engines during times when a plane typically needs more power like during takeoffs and landings, but can switch to all electrical, zero emissions mode to power the turbofans. And because it runs on batteries, it would just plug in when it got to the terminal. With the battery technology that will be available in the next 30 years this will be an option.

    In simulation tests, the SUGAR Volt uses 70% less fuel than todays airliners. They will also be quieter and reduce the environmental impact of the airplane.


    SUGAR Volt and Icon II

    Do not expect to be riding in the fancy new planes any time soon. They aren’t even practical with today’s battery technology and Boeing is not looking for a release of the technology until at least 2030-2050.


    Big thanks to Boeing for the Image and video!

  • Most Hybrid Owners Do Not Buy Another Hybrid

    You see commercials all the time about how much hybrid owners love their car. They feel urbane and worldly when they realize how much they are helping the planet and their pocket books.

    A new study from R.L. Polk is saying that, like in so many other instances, commercials and real life don’t always coincide. The survey on hybrid loyalty shows that most hybrid owners do not buy another one.

    The data, coming from car purchases made in 2011, shows that only 35% of hybrid owners who made car purchases last year bought a hybrid again.

    However, hybrid owners do tend to remain loyal to the brand they chose. Toyoto tops this list, with 60% of Prius owners buying a Toyota their next time around. In the case of Honda, 51% returned for another Honda, while only 20% bought another hybrid, from any brand. Apparently they liked the fact that it was a Honda, just not the hybrid aspect.

    For dealers, it makes since to have a hybrid as part of their line, even though the segment makes up only 2.4 percent of the new car market. While not many hybrids are being sold, they do tend to bring customers back to that brand.

    Though gas savings is often cited as a good reason to buy hybrid, there is little evidence that the price of gas, having nearly doubled from 2008 to 2011, has any impact on hybrid loyalty. Not only that, but hybrids do not carry more loyalty in so called “eco-friendly cities” in the United States. Markets like Los Angeles, San Diego, Portland, and Seattle show no more loyalty to hybrids than the nation at-large.

    “The lineup of alternate drive vehicles and their premium price points just aren’t appealing enough to consumers to give the segment the momentum it once anticipated, especially given the growing strength of fuel economy among compact and midsize competitors,” according to Lacey Plache, Edmunds.com chief economist. “For EVs and PHEVs in particular, certain obstacles — including consumer unease with unfamiliar technology and the lack of an adequate recharging infrastructure — will need to be overcome before sales increase.”