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Tag: Brains

  • Man Tries To Sell Stolen Brains On eBay

    Man Tries To Sell Stolen Brains On eBay

    There have been some interesting items sold on the auction site eBay, but what David Charles sold on the site, took things to a whole new level of weird.

    Charles, 21, allegedly stole more than 60 jars of brain and other human tissues in October from a warehouse space at the Indiana Medical History Museum. David Charles apparently broke into the museum and proceeded to steal the brains that came from autopsies performed in the 1890s.

    Charles was arrested on December 16, after Mary Ellen Hennessey Nottage, the executive director of the museum, received a phone call from a man that said he purchased six jars of brain matter for $100 a piece. Charles is scheduled to appear in court later this month. The stolen brains come to a total of $4,800.

    “It’s horrid anytime a museum collection is robbed,” Nottage said. “A museum’s mission is to hold these materials as cultural and scientific objects in the public interest. To have that disturbed — to have that broken — is extraordinarily disturbing to those of us in the museum field.”

    eBay actually has a “Human remains and body parts policy”. The policy reads: “We don’t allow humans, the human body, or any human body parts or products to be listed on eBay, with two exceptions. Sellers can list items containing human scalp hair, and skulls and skeletons intended for medical use. Make sure your listing follows these guidelines. If it doesn’t, it may be removed, and you may be subject to a range of other actions, including limits of your buying and selling privileges and suspension of your account.”

    We can only hope that Charles’ eBay account was, indeed, suspended.

    Image via NDN

  • Brains of Males and Females Are Wired Differently

    Men are from Mars and women are from Venus, or something like that. A study recently published by Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences through work completed by the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine analyzed “connectomes” to determine whether the sexes are, in fact, wired differently. This study obtained information from 949 participants (with 428 being males and 521 being females) all aged between 8 and 22. It should be noted that the results from the study showed few differences for prepubescent individuals aged 13 and younger regardless of the sex. Now, on to the good stuff.

    Through the use of diffusion tension imaging (DTI), results showed greater activity for males within one hemisphere of the brain, with movement occurring from the frontal area to the dorsal area of the hemisphere. In addition, the male brain contains more nerve fibers that aid in learning and completing an in-depth, solitary task. On the other hand, females had a greater interaction between the left and right hemispheres, which help in distinguishing the nuance of multiple social cues.

    This study showed a relationship between neural pathways and the sex of an individual where males were more inclined to excel at completing one single-focused job, while females were more apt to multi-task. Thus, the idea of males being superior navigators and directors, while women excel in the areas of social competency and memory-retention may actually be rooted in scientific principles.

    Ragini Verma, who is a professor at Perelman and specializes in radiology, explained the purpose behind the study. “These maps show us a stark difference and ‘complementarity’ in the architecture of the human brain that helps provide a potential neural basis as to why men excel at certain tasks and women at others,” Verma said.

    According to Ruben Gur, who is a contributor to the study, “It’s quite striking how complementary the brains of women and men really are. Detailed connectome maps of the brain will not only help us better understand the differences between how men and women think, but it will also give us more insight into the roots of neurological disorders, which are often sex related.”

    [Images Via Wikimedia Commons and Courtesy of Lightworks, Helmuth Ellgaard, and John Fleming]

  • Epilepsy-Treating Brain Implant Approved by FDA

    The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) today approved a brain implant designed to treat epilepsy. The implant is now approved for use in the U.S. to help reduce the frequency of epilepsy-related seizures for patients who haven’t responded to seizure medications.

    The implant is called the RNS System and is manufactured by a company called Neuropace. I consists of a neurostimulator that is implanted within a patient’s skull, then connected to two electrodes that are placed on or inside a patient’s brain in areas where doctors believe epilepsy seizures occur. The neurostimulator then provides a normalizing burst of electrical stimulation when it detects electrical activity consistent with an oncoming seizure.

    “The neurostimulator detects abnormal electrical activity in the brain and responds by delivering electrical stimulation intended to normalize brain activity before the patient experiences seizure symptoms,” said Christy Foreman, director of the Office of Device Evaluation at the FDA.

    Approval for the device was based on a three month clinical trial in which 191 epilepsy patients who had not responded to seizure medications were implanted with the device. Patients participating in the trial were shown to have n average of around 38% fewer seizures each month.

    Abnormal electrical signals in the brain are known to cause epilepsy. People with the disorder often suffer from odd physical behaviors or seizures. According to the FDA around 3 million people in the U.S. suffer from epilepsy, and almost 200,000 Americans will be diagnosed each year.

  • Human Brain-to-Brain Interface Demonstrated [VIDEO]

    Last month, researchers at Harvard University revealed that they have developed a brain-to-brain interface that can allow humans to control the movements of rats. Now, researchers at the University of Washington are claiming to have gone a step further, creating a brain-to-brain interface to send signals between two humans.

    The researchers believe they have created the first noninvasive human brain-to-brain interface. Their technique involves recording electrical signals from one brain and using them to magnetically stimulate another. As a demonstration, they used their setup to send a signal from one brain to another across the UW campus.

    Rajesh Rao, a computer science professor at WU played the role of sender, wearing a cap hooked up to an electroencephalography machine. He watched a simple video depicting a pirate ship that could fire its cannons at a target. When he decided to fire, he was instructed to imagine moving his right hand.

    That signal was sent across campus to Andrea Stocco, a UW professor of psychology who wore a swim cap. The cap was hooked up for transcranial magnetic stimulation of Stocco’s left motor cortex, which is associated with hand movement. His hand was placed over the “fire” button on a keyboard, which he hit as he received Rao’s signal. A video of the experiment can be seen below.

    “It was both exciting and eerie to watch an imagined action from my brain get translated into actual action by another brain,” said Rao. “This was basically a one-way flow of information from my brain to his. The next step is having a more equitable two-way conversation directly between the two brains.”

    Rao and his colleagues hope the technology can be adapted for the disabled or for emergency situations, such as a passenger being instructed on landing a plane. The researchers also stressed that there is no way their technology could be used for mind control.

    “I think some people will be unnerved by this because they will overestimate the technology,” said Chantel Prat a UW psychology professor who helped conduct the experiment. “There’s no possible way the technology that we have could be used on a person unknowingly or without their willing participation.”

    (Image courtesy the University of Washington)

  • This Baseball-Playing Robot Is Leading The Charge In Artificial Brain Reearch

    Super Baseball 2020 predicted a future where robots and cybernetically enhanced humans competed on the diamond for our enjoyment. Now some research at the University of Electro-Communications in Tokyo is starting to fulfill part of that prophecy.

    Wired reports that researchers have built a baseball-playing robot learns more about the game as it plays. In other words, it will miss the first few pitches, but it will slowly learn where the ball is most likely to come from. After a while, it will start to hit more pitches and become more proficient in baseball.

    The robot is able to quickly learn baseball thanks to its new brain that emulates a brain with about 100,000 neurons. According to Wikipedia, the fruit fly and lobster both have about 100,000 neurons in their brains. In comparison, the human brain has about 85 billion.

    It may not have as many neurons as a human, but the researchers hope this latest robot can help them produce more complicated brains in the future. The end goal is to have robots perform complicated tasks that only humans and advanced animals, like apes, dolphins and elephants, can perform.

    [Image: Wired]

  • Smoking Rots Brain, Shows Aging Study

    A new study shows that smoking, high blood pressure, and other cardiovascular risk factors are associated with accelerated declines in memory, learning, attention, and reasoning. Smoking was linked most clearly with low cognitive performance in older people.

    The study, published today in the journal Age and Ageing, looked at adults over the age of 50 who were part of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) Those who smoked, had high blood pressure, or were at risk of suffering a stroke performed worse than other adults on cognitive tasks designed to measure things such as memory recall, verbal fluency, and attention.

    Smoking was the factor most consistently linked to overall lower cognitive performance. Adults with a high body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and stroke risk performed more poorly on cognitive tests, but performances varied across the tests. High BMI was associated with lower scores on the memory test, high blood pressure with lower scores on memory and overall cognitive performance, and high stroke risk with lower scores on all cognitive assessments.

    “Cognitive decline becomes more common with aging and for an increasing number of people interferes with daily functioning and wellbeing,” said Dr. Alex Dregan, lead author of the study and lecturer in translational epidemiology and public health at King’s College London. “Some older people can become forgetful, have trouble remembering common words or have problems organizing daily tasks more than others.

    “We have identified a number of risk factors which could be associated with accelerated cognitive decline, all of which could be modifiable. This offers valuable knowledge for future prevention and treatment interventions.”

    The study’s authors claim that the study is one of only a few longitudinal studies to research the combined effect of multiple risk factors on cognitive decline in older people and one of the few studies to study cognitive decline in older people over a long period of time. Dregan stated that the study could form the basis of future clinical trials that seek to identify interventions for the U.K.’s aging population.

  • Multiple Sclerosis ‘Immune Exchange’ Discovered

    A new study has identified and “immune exchange” that allows disease-causing cells in patients with multiple sclerosis to move in and out of the brain. Researchers state that this exchange may be the key to better treatments and diagnostics in the future.

    According to the study’s authors, one current theory on multiple sclerosis holds that self-reactive B cells in the brain activate and cause inflammation. The exchange of B cells uncovered by the new study could mean that the B cells are “accessible” when moving from the brain.

    “The hope is that if we can identify culprit B cells, using precise tools, we will be able to better diagnose multiple sclerosis and monitor disease activity,” said Dr. Hans Christian von Büdingen, lead author of the study and neurologist at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF). “In addition, in ways that may have to be tailored for each patient, this may also allow us to develop therapies that directly target disease-causing B cells.”

    The study, published this week in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, obtained DNA sequences from multiple sclerosis patients at the UCSF Medical Center. Since 2008, two UCSF clinical trials have shown that blocking B cells may stop multiple sclerosis flare-ups from occurring. Büdingen and his colleagues hope their new findings will lead to a “precision strategy” where treatments can be tailored to the exact identity of the culprit B cells in a particular patient.

  • Blood Sugar Levels of “Normal” Could Still Cause Brain Shrinkage

    Neurologists have found that even people with blood sugar that is within the “normal” range can sustain blood sugar-related brain damage. According to the study, which was published this week in the journal American Academy of Neurology, people with blood sugar levels on the high end of the “normal” range could be at risk for brain shrinkage and dementia as they grow older.

    “Numerous studies have shown a link between type 2 diabetes and brain shrinkage and dementia, but we haven’t known much about whether people with blood sugar on the high end of normal experience these same effects,” said Dr. Nicolas Cherbuin, author of the study and director of the neuroimaging and brain lab at Australian National University.

    The study looked at 249 people of age 60 to 64 whose blood sugar was within “normal” levels as defined by the World Health Organization. Brain scans at an average interval of four years showed that those with higher blood sugar levels were more likely to have a loss of brain volume. Researchers controlled for blood pressure, smoking, alcohol, and other factors. They estimate that blood sugar on the high end of normal accounts for 6%-10% of the brain shrinkage.

    “These findings suggest that even for people who do not have diabetes, blood sugar levels could have an impact on brain health,” Cherbuin said. “More research is needed, but these findings may lead us to re-evaluate the concept of normal blood sugar levels and the definition of diabetes.”

  • Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center Live Tweets Brain Surgery

    I’m not going to lie – I’m scared of hospitals. Watching specials on TLC that show live surgeries always grossed me out. I’m fine around slasher flicks and all kinds of gory entertainment, but I’ll pass out if I see a real surgery with real blood. That’s why this story kind of makes me queasy.

    In what may be a first for a hospital, the Houston branch of Memorial Hermann hospital is live tweeting a brain surgery. The doctor in charge of the operation is Dr. Dong Kim while Dr. Scott Shepard Tweets out all the details with pictures of the surgery.

    This is all pretty cool and I’m sure it’s really educational, but it’s just kind of gross. I’m sure those in medical professions or studying medicine are absolutely loving this, but I’m having a hard time just looking at the pictures.

    Still, this just goes to show you that Twitter has become massively influential in how we communicate. I’m sure that Facebook would have something to say about a doctor updating a surgery live with pictures, but Twitter seems to be ok with it. It’s all in the name of education at least.

    The surgery will last for four hours and the doctors will be Tweeting for the entirety of it. Here’s some of the hightlights of the surgery so far. Depending on where you work, some of the images linked in the Tweets may be NSFW.

    About 20 minutes ago, we began anesthesia prior to moving the patient to the operating room #MHbrain 3 hours ago via web ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    @scottk75 The patient will not be awake for the surgery. -Dr. Shepard 3 hours ago via HootSuite ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    @hsawh5thgrade After brain surgery there is minor pain, much less pain than most other surgeries 3 hours ago via HootSuite ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    The patient was instructed to have no food or water 8 hours prior to #surgery to prevent aspiration during anesthesia. #MHbrain 3 hours ago via web ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    @hsawh5thgrade Each year Dr. Kim performs 400 surgeries including 300 craniotomies for tumors, aneurysms, etc. 3 hours ago via HootSuite ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    @nursepollyrgn The tumor is located in the posterior right temporal lobe. http://t.co/9dbNa4J8 3 hours ago via HootSuite ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    During the surgery, antibiotics are given to help prevent infection in the incision. #MHbrain 2 hours ago via web ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    @ethankobe This particular tumor in this location can almost always be entirely removed. 2 hours ago via HootSuite ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    @goldbergsays The room is kept cool because the surgeons & the patient are covered in heavy cloth and can easily become overheated. – Dr. S 2 hours ago via HootSuite ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    To become a neurosurgeon a doctor trains 7 years after medical school, the @UTHealth neurosurgery residency accepts 2 residents per year. 2 hours ago via web ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    Some of the following content may be GRAPHIC in nature. Viewer discretion is advised. 2 hours ago via web ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    @dwalshcaitlin Yes, the patient and family has consented & is fully aware that their surgery is being featured on Twitter. 1 hour ago via HootSuite ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    standing by for drill…in the meantime, this is Dr. Kim at work. http://t.co/rNEKej2w 1 hour ago via Twitpic ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    The bone flap is then handed to the surgical nurse to keep it sterile during surgery http://t.co/PQlMLX7p 1 hour ago via Twitpic ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    What is a bone flap? The bone flap is a piece of skull temporarily removed during brain surgery #MHbrain 1 hour ago via web ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    The dura is opened, this is the first glimpse of the brain #MHBrain http://t.co/YgeX5pJX 1 hour ago via Twitpic ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    These 2 veins are part of the vein of lebbe, an important vein on the brain surface. http://t.co/rTAcFKgw 57 minutes ago via Twitpic ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    blood around the #tumor http://t.co/f6AgJemz 28 minutes ago via Twitpic ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    Dr. Kim is starting dissection for the tumor using 2 different instruments 22 minutes ago via web ·  Reply ·  Retweet ·  Favorite · powered by @socialditto

    And that’s the last we’ve heard from the surgery. It seems like the surgery is about over. If you want to get caught up and see all the lovely pictures of somebody’s brain, check out the recap page. Once again, some of these pictures may be considered graphic and NSFW based on where you are.

    Do you think doctors should use social media to broadcast surgeries and other procedures? Does it open up new venues for medical education? Let us know in the comments.

    [Thanks Reddit]

  • Some Brains Just Crave Drugs

    The University of Cambridge has come out with some very interesting research findings about addiction and the structure of our brains. An abnormality present in the fronto-striatal systems may be responsible for addiction in some people.

    The study compared two siblings. one was an addict and the other was not. Scientists found the same anomaly in both, suggesting it’s genetic. Next their brains were compared to participants with no history of addiction. There was no anomaly. Essentially the anomaly is an enlarged section of the fronto-striatal systems. This area is associated with controlling ones behavior.

    Dr. Karen Ersche of the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI) at the University of Cambridge comments on the findings:

    “Parts of their brains’ underlying self-control abilities work less efficiently. The use of addictive drugs, such as cocaine, further exacerbates this problem, paving the way for addiction to develop from occasional use.”

    “While we still have more work to do to fully address the reasons why some family members show a greater resilience against addiction, our results will provide the scientific basis for the development of more effective preventative and therapeutic strategies for people at risk of addiction,”

    Perhaps these findings can be used to prevent or treat addiction in the future.